Group Counseling Using Cognitive Restructuring Techniques to Improve Self-Confidence in Students Experiencing Body Image Dissatisfaction

Abstract

This study aims to systematically examine the implementation of cognitive restructuring techniques in group counseling to enhance secondary school students’ self-confidence, investigate the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and self-confidence, and identify factors influencing counseling outcomes. A qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and SPIDER framework. Relevant publications from 2017 to 2026 were retrieved through Google Scholar and GARUDA. Ten primary studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising seven intervention studies and three correlational studies. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools, followed by thematic synthesis. The findings indicate that cognitive restructuring generally involves identifying negative thoughts, developing rational alternatives, practicing positive self-statements, and evaluating behavioral changes. Intervention studies consistently reported improvements in students’ self-confidence, although methodological limitations restrict causal conclusions. Student participation and supportive environments facilitated implementation, whereas embarrassment, hesitation, and fear of criticism constituted barriers. Correlational studies demonstrated significant positive relationships between body image and self-confidence without establishing causality. Importantly, none of the reviewed intervention studies specifically examined students experiencing body image dissatisfaction. This review contributes by integrating previously separate research findings and identifying an important evidence gap. Further controlled studies are recommended to evaluate cognitive restructuring interventions specifically among students experiencing body image dissatisfaction.