PAI Models: Shaping Digital-Religious Character in Vocational Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54437/urwatulwutsqo.v15i01.2768Keywords:
Islamic Religious Education, Digital-Religious Character, Muraqabah, Digital EthicsAbstract
This study examines the role of Islamic Religious Education in shaping the Digital-Religious Character of Vocational High School students in Bandung amidst digital disruption and ethical degradation. Employing a comparative multi-site case study qualitative approach, this research compares two PAI implementation models: the Formal-Regulatory model at SMK Negeri 12 and the Internalization-Transcendental model at SMK Swasta Angkasa. The Formal-Regulatory model, based on government regulations and emphasizing sanctions, tends to produce temporary KDR and compliance-based adherence. Student compliance with digital communication, interaction, and content ethics is vulnerable to not being sustainable outside the school environment. Conversely, the Internalization-Transcendental model, which leverages cultural autonomy and instills the value of muraqabah (awareness of divine omnipresence) as its foundation, proves more effective in fostering intrinsic and sustainable KDR. The awareness of muraqabah strengthens students' Akidah dimension, forms Digital Self-Regulation, and integrates digital ethics as part of worship, manifested in Digital Sobriety and Tabayyun rooted in faith. This study affirms that muraqabah is a critical transversal variable determining the quality of KDR internalization. Theoretically, this study enriches the discourse on PAI, digital ethics, and transcendental character education, particularly highlighting muraqabah as a spiritual foundation for Self-Control. Practically, these findings provide contextual references for the development of value-based and spiritually grounded digital literacy strategies relevant for VHS students.
Downloads
References
Adnan, H. N. B., & Ramli, N. (2024). Spiritual Integrity in the Digital Realm: Sufism and Technology Dilemmas. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v13-i4/23835
Astuti, R., Mustofa, M., & Nisak, N. M. (2024). Integration of Islamic Values into English Language Teaching in the Digital Era: Challenges and Prospectives. Halaqa Islamic Education Journal, 8(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.21070/halaqa.v8i1.1680
Chairunisa, H., & Humaizi, H. (2024). Student Character Building in the Era of Digital Transformation. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research (p. 145). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-236-1_16
Delcker, J. (2022). Digitalisation in the Curricula of Vocational Schools: Text Mining as an Instrument of Curricula Analysis. Technology Knowledge and Learning, 28(3), 999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-022-09591-0
Eryandi, E. (2023). Integrasi Nilai-Nilai Keislaman dalam Pendidikan Karakter di Era Digital. Kaipi Kumpulan Artikel Ilmiah Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.62070/kaipi.v1i1.27
Faizah, S. N., Dina, L. N. A. B., & Anggraini, A. E. (2023). Realize Tolerant Students Through Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students with Global Diversity in Elementary Schools. QALAMUNA Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Agama, 15(1), 439. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v15i1.2149
Harianti, W. S., Huwaida, R., Adriwiguna, N. S., & Qudsyi, H. (2022). Muraqabah intensification therapy (MIT): an alternative Islamic therapy for social media addiction. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 11(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i1.21137
Harizan, S. H. M., & Mydin, S. A. H. (2024). Tabayyun Measures for Self-Regulating Social Media Behaviour Among Muslim Consumers. In Springer proceedings in business and economics (p. 385). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5400-7_21
Hasanah, U., Prasasti, E. P., Febriani, E., & Hasanah, I. F. (2024). Membangun Karakter Generasi Digital Melalui Literasi Digital Perspektif Pendidikan Islam. Equilibrium Jurnal Pendidikan, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.26618/equilibrium.v12i2.14116
Hasibuan, A. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/xy6uv
Idris, Muh. (2023). The Role of Character Development in Islamic Religious Education: An Islamic Values-Based Approach at one of the MAN Schools in South Sulawesi. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(8), 621. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v1i08.187
Imama, D. D., Ismara, K. I., Sudir, P., & Maryadi, T. H. T. (2025). Bridging the Digital Skills Gap: A Systematic Literature Review of Technology Adaptability in Vocational Education and Training. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2983. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.906000219
Isgandarova, N. (2024). An Overview of Muraqabah as a Spiritual Practice (p. 30). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032631387-3
Jackman, J. A., Gentile, D. A., Cho, N., & Park, Y. (2021). Addressing the digital skills gap for future education. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(5), 542. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01074-z
Karo-Karo, S., Pardede, M., Simamora, P. R. T., & Tamba, L. (2023). Implementation of Character Education for Students in the Era of Digitalization. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9, 1402. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9ispecialissue.6424
Mazlan, M., Abdollah, A., Jakaria, N. A., Ismail, S., & Wakil, N. A. A. (2025). Empowering Academic Ethics among Muslim Lecturers: The Role of Budaya Ilmu and Muraqabah in Islamic Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v15-i7/25969
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Method Sourcebook.
Murjani, M. (2025). Peran Guru PAI Dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius dan Moralitas Peserta Didik di Era Digital. AL-MIKRAJ Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Humaniora (E-ISSN 2745-4584), 5(2), 1436. https://doi.org/10.37680/almikraj.v5i2.7115
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670
Nurhabibah, S., Sari, H. P., & Fatimah, S. (2025). Pendidikan Karakter di Era Digital: Tantangan dan Strategi dalam Membentuk Generasi Berakhlak Mulia. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(3), 194. https://doi.org/10.61132/jmpai.v3i3.1099
Rosina, H., Virgantina, V., Ayyash, Y., Dwiyanti, V., & Boonsong, S. (2021). Vocational Education Curriculum: Between Vocational Education and Industrial Needs. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education, 1(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.17509/ajsee.v1i2.33400
Samsir, S. (2024). Konsep Tabayyun Dalam Al-Quran Analisis Terhadap Fenomena Penyebaran Hoax Di Media Sosial. TAFASIR Journal of Quranic Studies, 2(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.62376/tafasir.v2i2.41
Setiyawan, H., Suharno, S., & Pambudi, N. A. (2023). The influence of digital and vocational information literacy on student learning outcomes. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 13(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v13i2.53999
Setyawati, R., Mareza, L., & Hamka, M. (2022). Digital Resilience: Opportunities And Threats For Adolescents In A Virtual World. Acta Informatica Malaysia, 6(2), 67. https://doi.org/10.26480/aim.02.2022.67.71
Shodiqoh, R. (2024). Digital Ethics: Social Media Ethics in a Contemporary Islamic Perspective. Solo International Collaboration and Publication of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 215. https://doi.org/10.61455/sicopus.v2i03.153
Sugiyono, S. (2012). Metode penelitian pendidikan : (pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif dan RrD). http://opac.uma.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=236
Trianita, A., Silma, A. P., Ridwan, A., & Mulyawan, F. (2024). Curriculum Development of Islamic Religious Education in the Digital Era Transformation. Journal of Islamic Education and Ethics, 3(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiee.v3i1.59
Wijaya, H. (2018). Analisis Data Kualitatif Model Spradley (Etnografi). https://repository.sttjaffray.ac.id/media/269015-analisis-data-kualitatif-model-spradley-aa4e183c.pdf
Wulandari, M. N., Rochmad, M. A., & Yaqin, A. (2025). Transformasi Pembelajaran Pai Dalam Menyiapkan Generasi Berkarakter Dan Melek Teknologi Di Era Society 5.0. Bayan Lin-Naas : Jurnal Dakwah Islam, 9(1).
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications design and methods. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029878778&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Wawan Setiawan, Endi Suhendi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
